Households utilized the self-labor and the unpaid family labor for the field preparations and paddy repair (FP), weeding and pest management (HR), and fertilizer application (MA) works while the hired labor and unpaid family labor were used during the planting/ re-planting/ transplanting (PL) and harvesting (HA) phases (Table 2). The collective/exchange labor was used as a support labor pool for the FP and PL works.
Table 2. Percentage of change of average labor time input (man/hours) expended by upland households in an agricultural cropping cycle