Spatial Characteristics
Overall, the region of residence was found to be statistically
significantly associated with CS delivery in the simple regression.
However, not all categories are statistically different from the
reference category. The probability of CS in three regions (Kalimantan,
Sulawesi, and Maluku and Papua) were statistically different from that
in the reference region (Java). In the multivariate regression, this
significance of this relationship holds. However, only Sumatera region
that has statistically different CS from Java region. As for the place
of residence, the simple association between residing in an urban area
was a positive and statistically significant one. This association,
however, became attenuated and no longer statistically in the final
multivariate model.
Maternal Characteristics
The first maternal characteristic variable is maternal age. It is found
that maternal age is statistically associated with the outcome with all
categories statistically different from the reference category (20-24
years old). This relationship holds when other covariates are included
in the final model.
The second maternal variable was parity. This was found to be
statistically associated with the outcome. Multiparous women with
previous CS delivery have a higher probability of having CS for their
latest delivery compared to referent women. In contrast, multiparous
women with no previous CS delivery have a lower probability of having CS
for their latest delivery compared to nulliparous women. Moreover, the
third maternal variable was whether the women had any complications
during their pregnancy. High-risk pregnancy was found to be positively
associated with the probability of CS delivery. This relationship holds
in the final multivariate model.
Furthermore, the penultimate maternal variable was the number of PNC
visits consisting of four categories with null visits as the reference
category. All the categories of PNC visits are statistically different
from the reference category with increasing probabilities as the visits
increase. This association weakened but still highly significant when
other covariates were included in the final multivariate model.
The last maternal variable, place of delivery, was found to be
statistically related to the outcome variable. Women who gave birth in a
private facility was a higher probability of having CS method than those
who gave birth in public facilities or at home. This association barely
changed in the final multivariate model.
Socio-Demographic
Characteristics
The first socio-demographic variable was women’s years of schooling. The
simple relationship between this variable and CS delivery was a positive
and statistically significant one. In the final multivariate model, this
relationship holds, although the coefficient weakened. Moreover, the
second socio-demographic variable, father’s years of education, was
found to be statistically and positively associated with CS in the
simple regression. However, this variable was omitted in the final
multivariate model due to its high correlation with mother’s years of
education.
The second socio-demographic variable, health insurance cover, was found
to be associated with CS delivery, with women having cover from the
employer and private institutions were more likely to undergo CS for
their latest delivery. When other covariates were included, the overall
relationship is still significant. Furthermore, in terms of household
wealth, quintiles of wealth index were found to be statistically
significant in the simple regression with the coefficients getting
larger as the quintile goes up. A similar pattern, albeit attenuated,
was observed in the final multivariate model.