We have evaluated five of the articles as High in terms of reflecting
the characteristics of pragmatism in the abstract (Table 4). For
example, A1 reveals the utilitarian feature of pragmatism with the
statement ”Findings also indicated four attributes for teaching
and learning in the twenty-first-century: (a)…” . In study A1, the
author explained that multiple data collection tools were used with the
phrase ”…Quantitative and qualitative data were collected via an
online survey, personal interviews, and written reflections with science
teacher educators and student teachers…”. Thus, the author has used
the property of pluralism. In addition, in this study, the author
emphasized the functionality by stating that the results can be used to
determine the characteristics of teachers in the 21stcentury. The sentence that reveals this feature is as follows: