The Immigrant Case
With
the developments in communication and information technologies and
interest in human rights, physical boundaries disappear, and the world
human cosmopolitan becomes isomorphic in the components of a global
culture. On this basis, being an immigrant is theoretically based on the
idea of world citizenship, a world civilization, the brotherhood of
people. This idea philosophically recalls Marx and Engels the “All
People Are Brothers”, which references essentially to the first article
of the universal declaration of human rights. In essence, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, with its
principles, points out the common interests of humanity and the right to
human life independently of their nationality. Today, the forms of
communication offered by the modern world can allow for cross-border
solidarity and posture, and to develop a collective empathy. In this
context, there is an urgent need to recall the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and its re-acceptance as a basic starting point for the
construction of a world civilization.
Every closed system is exposed to the entropy. The main reason
for entropy is that the system does not grasp the information aging and
the requirements of the time and cannot comply with the environment. For
countries moving away from democratic norms and human rights, entropy
is inevitable. In such countries, human life has no value. Any system
that does not center the humanity is exposed to entropy. For this
reason, before making an opinion about the migration and immigration
phenomenon, first, it is necessary to turn to the source of the
problem. Therefore; In this study on the phenomenon of immigration, it
is beneficial to make the entrance with the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.
United Nations General Assembly; By considering this Declaration at all
times, with all members of the human community and their organizations,
to develop respect and respect for these rights and freedoms through
education and training, through the increasing national and
international measures, the effective recognition and enforcement of
these rights among the peoples of the member states and the peoples of
countries under the administration of these states. it announces this
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sets out common ideal
measures for all peoples and nations so that they strive to provide. In
this context İt is essential to highlight that the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights has been drafted and adopted not to decorate the meeting
rooms of international and national public buildings or the amphitheater
of the faculties of political science and sociology, but to transform
the world into a peaceful and safe living space where people live in
safety.
The
concept of migration means that people move individually or in groups,
from one country or region, to another country or region
permanently. So, the point here is a permanent session change. This
change of location may take place within the country or outside the
country (Dlbet, 2008). What is important at this point is that rather
than the proximity of the migration distance, it is a permanent move in
the context of political and economic relations. In this respect,
domestic immigration is an important human, economic and socio- cultural
problem that needs to be explored and solved.
According to Depeli (2009:1), migration has not been a historically new
phenomenon, but has been updated since the 1980s in terms of the new
concepts it produces. According to Yazgan (2010:13), migration is a
phenomenon that creates opportunities and difficulties between the
country of origin and the host country. The fact that the phenomenon of
immigration and immigrants is examined by different disciplines and is
of interest also caused different theories and approaches about the
concept in every discipline against the phenomenon of immigration
(Somuncu 2006, 1). In general, migration, social, cultural, economic,
political, etc. of society. It can be stated that it is an event closely
related to its entire structure (Gelekçi, 2011:123). According to Mehmet
Fikret Gezgin (Gezgin, 1994: 16), the fact that migration is based on
more than one reason makes it difficult to create a general theory of
the phenomenon of migration. Because immigration is a difficult
phenomenon in terms of time and ground, classification, category
and details. The reason for this is that psychosocial and
sociocultural motives that causes migration have an intertwined quality.
According to Yalçın (2004:13), migration is a geographical, social and
cultural displacement movement that is aimed at short, medium or long
term, return or permanent settlement targeted from one place to another
for economic, political, ecological or individual reasons. According to
Gordon Marshall (1999:685), migration involves the permanent movement of
individuals or groups beyond symbolic or political boundaries, towards
new settlements and societies.
The study area of the migration phenomenon has undergone various
changes over time. According to Şahin (2010, 104), issues such as the
transnational ties of immigrants, immigrant entrepreneurs, ethnic
markets, education and identity problems of immigrant youth and the
future of immigrants have begun to be kept on the agenda with different
topics. According to Yazgan (2010:22), the first of the two main
questions that international migration theories and researches are
seeking for are the first, why migration has happened and why it has
been going on for so long, and secondly, it is the economic, social and
political What is the consequences.
Western states sought to control international migration, especially in
the 1970s when the need to keep international migration movements from
underdeveloped countries to developed countries under control
(Castles and Miller, 2008:131-132). Western Governments have identified
strategies to streamline international migration. Political issues such
as cooperation on migration, control of borders to prevent illegal
immigration, visa exemptions are one of the most important negotiation
issues between developed and underdeveloped countries today.
The international migration process is a complex process for both
migrating and receiving countries. Each country is affected differently
from this process. For the emigrant countries, the population going
abroad, decreasing unemployment rates and increasing foreign currency
inflow to the country have positive results, on the other hand, the fact
that the qualified workforce goes abroad is a separate problem that
decreases the added value in the country which can be described as
”brain drain”. In terms of immigrant countries, immigrants may have
negative consequences in the context of increasing unemployment rates at
the beginning, eroding the budget due to mandatory humanitarian aid,
disruption of public order and terrorism problems, provoking nationalist
movements, separating the public and damaging the homogeneity of the
society. In addition, it may be desirable for employers to provide
qualified and relatively cheap labor opportunities. On the other hand,
immigrants are not always made up of poor people. Often rich immigrants
migrate with their wealth and make large commercial and industrial
investments in the countries they visit. Immigrant movements, which can
sometimes be described as brain drain, can also lead the development of
the country in which they go.
When talking about immigration abroad, an important issue that is
frequently discussed and considered negative for the sending country is
brain drain. Brain drain is the situation where a well-educated,
thinking, producing, and qualified work force does not return to another
country when they are most productive for research or work (Bakırtaş and
Kandemir, 2010: 962). The fact that skilled workers go abroad does not
only mean the loss of trained workforce, but also the fact that trained
workforce works abroad can have important contributions in terms of
commercial, economic and tourism relations between countries is the
possibility of breaking off. Sociological observations made in this
context show that the feeling that qualified people groups migrating
abroad feel most intensely after settling abroad is a sense of
deceit. This sense of deception erodes the emotional bond between
qualified people who migrate abroad. On the other hand, the situation is
generally the opposite for unskilled labor. The fact that unskilled
labor force holders in countries where they are unable to hold
sociocultural or have difficulty in holding increases the aspirations of
the country and strengthens their love for the country.
According to Erder (2008: 42), migration is a human right, has been
politicized recently due to the spread of immigrants and foreigners and
has become almost one of the national security issues. Therefore, being
a migrant has unfortunately started to be synonymous with being a
criminal. It has two aspects. The first is that the host states share
their resources with the immigrant population, which is dissatisfied
among the citizens of the host country. The second is the launching of a
qualified workforce who settled in a foreign country as a traitor,
sometimes under the influence of harsh propaganda in the homeland. The
strangely unqualified workforce’s migration abroad is supported by the
society, but it is not accepted by the society that the qualified
workforce continues to live abroad with well-educated people with high
intellectual capacity, and this issue is exploited by the political
administrations. However, a qualified workforce abroad is the most
valuable public diplomacy asset of a country.
One of the most important themes of many developed western countries
today is to ensure that the immigrant population and the local
people live together in harmony. This is called integration. As a result
of living together, concepts such as “multiculturalism” and “dual
citizenship” have emerged (Yılmaz, 2008:79). People of immigrant
origin, that is, immigrants and immigrant children, appear as lively,
multi- affiliated individuals who act as a shuttle between the immigrant
and receiving countries (Yazgan, 2010:1).
According to Güllüpınar (2012:74), the effects of this immigrant network
on social cohesion of immigrants have both positive and negative
aspects. This network facilitates the social cohesion of the newly
arrived immigrant, but in some cases the opposite is also possible. When
migrants live as a closed-in parallel society, thanks to the existing
economic, political and social networks, there is no transition and
adaptation of migrants to life in the new country of migration. Thanks
to the presence of the network, new immigrants who meet all their needs
within their own group, are closer to their own group and avoid contact
with the people in the country where they migrate. In addition to the
positive effects of the immigrant network, such as solidarity, it also
has negative effects such as isolating themselves from the new society
they come from and closing into their own group.
The long-term effects of migration on society are felt more and more in
the later stages of the migration process, when immigrants settle
permanently, and when small communes are formed in society, separate
from the general population. According to Yazgan (2010:41), today’s
immigrants are religious, political, economic ties are expanding
everyday life of the nation marginalize themselves in their area of new
settlements (enclaves) are created.
Establishing their own settlements in the countries where the immigrants
are located, especially in the state-immigrant relationship, it is
especially perceived as the security problem of international
migration. This issue promotes the tendency to return to re-assimilation
policies in developed countries receiving immigration
(İçduygu, 2008:23). International migrations are one of the biggest
sources of diversity in societies. Multiculturalism is constantly
moving, with both family reunions and individual migrations
(Canatan, 2009: 81). National policies that adopt multiculturalism
should give the immigrant the right to have two identities and choose
one of them. Because the most important point for the determined
national policies is what kind of identity the immigrant individual or
the masses adopt and to what extent they live can adopt the identity of
the society. What is meant by choice is ethnic and national identity
(Öztürk ,2011: 23).
The existence of cultural and identity diversity in a country that is a
requirement of the concept of multiculturalism depends on the policy of
the host country and to what extent it supports cultural diversity
(Öztürk, 2011:23). It can be perceived as a path to multiculturalism,
democratization and tolerance, or it can emerge as a discourse to
maintain the hegemony of power if there is a state policy. Because
organizations that help to explain their ethnic identities and cultures
to groups of ethnic and religious origin can not only provide political
rights to immigrant groups that can respond to their real demands, but
they can only serve to announce their presence by opening up
the cultural area as a place of struggle , and as a result, they only
aim to give messages on the homeland (Yarma, 2006:64).
In harmony, undoubtedly there is a serious responsibility for immigrant
communities, as well as those who emigrate have as much responsibility
as immigrants. In this context, cohesion is not one-sided, double-sided
is a process that requires effort (Heckman, 1997:283). Living with
differences is part of integration, otherwise it is not assimilation but
assimilation. Assimilation does not describe the phenomenon of
integration from a sociological perspective. Assimilation
depersonalization means sociological destruction. Assimilation is
the justification of hypocrisy. Integration is the meeting of
civilizations, reunification of cultures, melting of differences in a
pot. The glorification of multiculturalism is a trigger catalyst of
change, development and modernization, acceptance of the idea of
assimilation and bankruptcy of its policies.
Globalization
The prominent element in the period features set out in the
definitions; globalization is the dominant phenomenon of the period we
are in. Thomas Friedman (1999)
in The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization; “Globalization
is not a phenomenon. It is not a temporary trend either. Today, it is an
international inclusive system that shapes both local and foreign
policies of all countries, and therefore, while writing that we need to
understand it this way, it states the importance of the concept of
globalization as a key concept that can explain today’s change.
For this reason, as the famous ”post- modernism ” concept of the 1980s,
the main idea in understanding the transition of societies to the third
millennium in explaining the processes may be the concept of
”globalization” which is used in understanding the
processes. Globalization is basically the integration of countries and
peoples of the world, meaning the removal of artificial barriers
to goods, services, capital, information and, to a lesser extent, people
crossing borders.
Globalization affects social and cultural lifestyles in the countries,
it is directed towards homogenization in production and consumption
approaches, and it creates radical changes in the forms of political and
economic organization. While the power of the center increases
significantly with globalization, the relatively lower competitive
powers of the off-center forces are negatively affected (Ekin, 1996).
Social events are necessarily and inherently economic,
political-political and cultural. The phenomenon of globalization is
also a departure from economic, political, cultural and local / national
elements and a homogenization and isomorphism movement on a world
scale. By excluding cultural and political developments, a globalization
phenomenon that will be explained by economic data will be
incomplete. From the education system to art, music and entertainment,
consumption patterns, briefly in all areas of life, the norms and
patterns specific to the United States and Western values are forcing
all national patterns and putting the change into a structure that meets
their own norms. Objectively, this change does not occur by force and
pressure. Here, only weakness points of human psychology, such as
resembling a strong and successful one, and not inverting it, are
used. This situation works in accordance with adaptation theories and
emphasizes the importance of the environment, whether it is subject or
object (Bozkurt 1994 and Ekin, 1997: 36).
Today, with the effect of globalization, the concepts of time and space
are losing their importance compared to the past, the borders of the
country are disappearing. The effects of globalization should not be
seen only as an isomorphism of distant settlements in the context of
consumption habits, pleasure and entertainment worlds due to the
developments in information and communication technologies of peoples
from different geographies. Beyond that, the borders disappear. Every
year, millions more are added to millions of immigrants and
asylum-seekers, and even hundreds of thousands, and sometimes due to
violent regional conflicts (Panikos 1999). In fact, due to these
population movements taking place from the backward countries to the
developed countries, even the organization of the Immigration Ministries
has been formed due to the need arising in the developed country. As a
result, the relationship between world societies has been transformed
into a more complex and intense state. Inequality between societies
causes a social migration movement from poverty to wealth, from poverty
to prosperity, from backwardness to development, namely from east to
west, due to the sociologically united vessels theory, longing for a
life in justice and justice. Strangely, no matter which city you visit
today, the west side of the city is the region where relatively wealthy
and wealthy people live.
According to the views of radical globalists, the phenomenon of
immigrants is in a way the concept of the nation state, which is the
product of industrial civilization, is losing its importance. Because
rationality is in front of all fictions and the only reality is the
maintenance of life in every incident with people. For this reason,
today people are less under the influence of political discourses,
because the word bread and cheese bread boat does not
work. According to Giddens (2008), for people, their personal safety and
economic well-being are above all else. This view is the expression that
globalization is replacing traditional nation states as a new world
order and state form, and that new forms of social organization are
beginning to determine. Although it evokes ideas such as globalization,
the disappearance of political borders and the right to free movement,
it paradoxically condemns societies more to the destructive and dominant
policies of the oppressive global capitalist economy.
At this point, the argument that the fact that globalization is a
compelling instrument of diplomacy is a natural result of the capitalist
order, that is, the harsh policies pursued by the sovereign world, is an
easily irrefutable proposition. For example, Sykes-Picot, which was made
before the First World War, for the reasons of these shocking mass
immigrant and refugee movements that can escape from the Syrian
geography today due to bloody and destructive conflicts in the region
and try to take refuge in developed European states when possible. It
will surely be hypocrisy not to be sought in the agreement.
At this point, it is necessary to say that the whole world is following
a handful of passionate businessmen and politicians, and a few times of
their feeding, as in the Ice Age movie, as in the incident of a squirrel
who led all events to begin. It is not only man and humanity lost. It
is the lost hope, the desire to live together and love. Just as the
United States originated after the Great Economic Depression of 1929, to
tolerate the illegal production and sale of illegal whiskey in the
United States, again on the increasing separatist movements and seeking
rights in the United States after the Second World War. For African
Americans, such as drug use release or blindness. However, at the end of
the day, all these ignoring, overlook, and even incentives affect the
whole society negatively, like a boomerang. Young girls who prostitute
in the streets in the late 1960s to supply drugs on the streets are
the children of not only African Americans but also European
Americans. Maybe because of these ignoring policies, the United
States has lost millions of children in Hindi, in wars without
consequences. Essentially, this is the price that the people of the
United States pay collectively as a price for the drama they
ignore. What they say, at the end of the day everything is in its
essence.
Essentially, the whole incident is that a handful of tyrannist throw the
world on fire and the vast majority watch silent and wicked events, and
silently approve. However, it has been a total humanity that lost each
time. For this reason, justice and prosperity continue as a sine wave in
the world. In the world, goodness and common sense or greed and anger
find their own. From this aspect, when the world political history
is analyzed periodically, it can be classified and categorized as
numbered tyrants’ period, numbered wise men and statesmen periods.
The immigrant and asylum-seeking movements are neither a result of
totalitarian tyranny, which, as Chomsky (1996) argued, as a result of
destructive capitalism, nor, in theory, a summit of poverty and cruelty
in the field, namely real-life contradictions. In essence, it is the
result of the unprincipled administration mentalities of both and the
third world countries and the pathology of othering and conscience in
the world. It is an inevitable consequence of the ambition and hypocrisy
of the human race. Because the immigration from the backward countries
to the developed countries is the interest relations developed by the
passionate businessmen and leaders of the developed countries with the
low character and greedy leaders of the undeveloped countries and the
business world. In this respect, there are no backward countries,
internally and externally, there are societies that have been exploited
and ignored, the societies whose rights and human rights have been
extorted. Because even the state exists for man, not man for
state. Immigration or refugee tragedy is a painful story, the result of
an imperative. Once upon a time, it was replaced by societies, who were
forced to come as cheap labor and slaves by being forced to leave their
homeland by developed colonial countries, this time the stories of
people leaving the desperate people of the societies that were desperate
due to the harsh globalization and colonialism, with simple inflatable
boats. The main actors of this tragedy are the revered leaders of the
developed countries, who foolishly cooperate, legitimize and even
encourage them with the leaders of the backward countries.
Paradoxically, the phenomenon of immigrant strengthens the nation-state
structures of the states and motivates the currents of nationalism, on
the other hand it inevitably reveals the necessity of meeting different
civilizations, different cultures and melting in a pot and building a
world civilization. At this point, the main paradigm that differentiates
the local governments from each other is whether they approach
differences as a cultural mosaic and diversity or as a means of conflict
and their attitudes and behaviors in this bet.
The main reason for migrant and other population movements on a global
scale is neither economic inequality nor intense human rights violations
and normalized security issues and war situations. These are all
essential problems of immigrant movements. But more important of these
is the loss of hope. Because only the desperate person leaves everything
and leaves his homeland. The displacement of nomadic society from
immigration does not count, because they come, they do not, they go to
the land they acquired abroad. Every immigration is a journey from good
to bad, from poverty to prosperity, from despair to hope. However, there
may also be migrations from other developed economies and democracies to
other countries with motives such as job and appointment and liking the
city’s texture. These are mostly immigration movements within the United
States and the United States, Canada and the European Union. However, it
would not be correct to count these displacement movements from
immigration, because all developed countries are one country, and
migrations are individual rather than mass.
Underdeveloped democracies, due to the collapse of the Eastern Block in
the last decades and subsequent bloody socioeconomic and military
projects aimed at transforming selected regional countries such as the
expanded North Africa and the Greater Middle East Project with so-called
democracy promises, in the former colonial countries. and population
movements from tyrannies to developed countries have increased and
become massive. Whatever the point of view is, the primary factor in
these social movements is the internet-connected mobile phones and
social media that mobilize and dispatch the masses with the effect of a
snowball. The most developed area in the modern world has been the
technological developments in the field of communication and
informatics, the widespread use of technology and the emphasis on human
rights. All these developments have revealed a universal culture
phenomenon, entertainment and consumption habits as a result of
intercultural interaction. The new cultural phenomenon that
emerged basically is a synthesis of cultures,
an acculturation is the event. Because
sovereign powers and their ideologies open a space for them to expand
and act in terms of cultural characteristics, education, aesthetics,
art, entertainment world. After all, the essence of adaptation theories
is nothing more than an assertion that the proposition of the isomorph
in the best of others is accepted. At this point, cultural and sportive
areas such as music, sports, cinema have a great snowball effect on a
global scale. Interestingly, billions of viewers and fans of many
well-known clubs such as Real Madrid or Barcelona, a fanatical fan
group expressed in millions outside of their own country, or a
Canadian-based singer such as Justin Bieber, even though many do not
understand the words of their songs because many of them speak different
languages. mass has been formed. Thus, the dominant culture
is reproduced in the ordinary course of life, often without much effort
and planning.
As a result of all these developments and events, the understanding of
the state is minimalized in the minds. Because in every society, the
young population tends to decrease their trust in politicians. The
distrust experienced makes the individuals more apolitical and changes
the perception of time and space.
The state’s minimalization in the minds of individuals pushes
individuals to other quests and activates them for better living
conditions. At this point, the effect of the countries that are the
source of immigration movements outside the current democracy league in
many respects, that is, they have totalitarian and oppressive regimes
that are far from the norms of democracy. Paradoxically, leaders and
peoples of developed countries, who prefer to work with one-man regimes
in the context of business and politics, are concerned about the
immigration and asylum of the peoples of the aforementioned countries as
a requirement of their obligation and universal right to live, fear and
panic. However, the increasing difference between poverty and wealth in
the world will inevitably bring with its immigration movements. In the
past time, it would be naive to think otherwise while rich countries
become richer and poorer countries poorer.
Poverty diminishes the nobility, leads to a spiritual breakdown and
pessimism, and rivets despair. In such societies, immigration is the
only hope that comes to an end. Nobody would like to leave their
country, most people except at least a few. Because immigration, worse
asylum-seeking is a total abandonment, it is not known whether it is
leaving or remaining. Immigration is to be compelled to set up a future
in another country. But to migrate, whatever it may be, is to sail from
an obscurity of the world to an unknown width, a dream to be seen after
the nightmare.
Of course, people do not migrate only with economic and security
concerns. Lifestyles and preferences also appear as a valid reason for
immigration. Individuals may also have to leave their countries and
countries due to their country’s energy policies, their attitudes
towards moral matters, their abortion and their homosexual rights. But
the number of such is almost negligible in total. Besides, every
separation is sad though.
The essence of the immigrant problem arises from the fact that the
financial resources of the world are not shared fairly, and that people
do not feel safe at the point of living humanly in the countries where
they live. Those that cause the immigrant problem are today’s versions
of the raging mindset that forcibly frees and enslaves free people to
use as a production instrument and free labor force just before the
modern age. The greed of this raging mentality extends the quality of
life scissors between the poor and the rich against the poor over
time. This issue, namely imperialist expansion and colonialism is
provoked by the ambitious and beneficial, unprincipled leaders of the
region, and the facts are covered up and turned inside out.
The world is a whole, the consequences of a bad administration and human
rights violation in a remote part of the world are somehow seen all over
the world. The persecution remains silent, the persecution becomes
common. Especially the person who incites and encourages the persecution
is as if he committed the persecution. It is the responsibility of the
lives that are darkened in the process and as a result of the conflicts
and wars that are triggered and provoked in desperate societies, only to
control the energy sources, energy supply and transportation routes.
Regarding the problem of immigrants and asylum-seekers, the decision and
attitude of opening all doors to immigrants is palliative, as are the
decisions implemented by limiting or channeling population
movements. The main thing is to ensure that people live in peace and
security in their homeland. Mass population movements are a consequence
and their causes must be eliminated. The issue is to eliminate
inequality between the establishment of public order and trust and
living standards on a world scale.
Efforts should be made to eliminate the inequality between women and
men, all social classes, urbanites and peasants in the context of humane
living, all over the world. The future of the world is in achieving the
liberation of the peoples of the world from all kinds of economic,
intellectual and political yoke. It is not a matter of fighting
imperialism or tough communism. The issue is to unconditionally support
the struggle for the freedom of all peoples and to have a human right to
life, and to strive for the establishment of a world civilization.
The biggest survival problem in the near and middle future of the world
will be the existence of people living elsewhere in this planet in
poverty, misery and ignorance. Undoubtedly, poverty in one part of the
world is also a threat to prosperity and life in other regions. If there
is inequality in the world, there will be immigration movements. If the
movements of migration are exploited, there will be opportunist
movements that want to provide them with political and economic rent and
benefits. These extremes will give rise to other extremes and the clash
of civilizations will continue in a vicious circle.
The clashes will continue until the world realizes that the person is on
the same ship and realizes that this life is also an owner and the
account day is a questioner. When the mankind will understand that
cultural differences are a wealth, being human is more important than
anything, then peace will come to the world. This pathetic state of
inheritance, the inequality, poverty and exploitation of human beings
are the dishonest and unskilled politicians and their character deprived
stooges. However, it is only the politicians themselves who can bring
peace and peace to the world. In the words of Tolstoy, every fire must
be extinguished while it is a spark, if the falling spark is not
extinguished and turns to fire, unfortunately, all the rights of the
world are damaged. The struggle for immense human rights violations,
such as inequality, hunger, illness, or lack of education, or to ethnic
or ideological cleansing, is an indispensable survival problem for all
humanity. If this problem cannot be solved with peaceful and common
sense, unfortunately it will be the cause of even the third world war.
The point is not to put obstacles in front of people’s free movement,
the main issue is to eliminate the conditions that bring people to the
point where they will leave their homes. The immigrant problem is
something like a disease in the human body manifesting itself with pain,
giving signs. It is the most important security and survivability
problem of the time frame we live in with the migrant and refugee
problem. The solution of immigrant and refugee problems worldwide is
the salvation of humanity. What can be more truthful and pathetic than
the drama of the people who are tired of the cruelty and poverty in
their country and who must leave their ancestral lands, and how can this
despair be described?
The Concept
of Acculturation
Culture is the whole material and spiritual values created in the
process of historical social development, and the tools used to create
them and convey them to the next generations, which show the measure of
the sovereignty of the human to its natural and social environment. Each
society is formed under the influence of the strong and distinctive
features of a culture. Social culture is the source of individual
behaviors, good and bad perceptions and all other norms of the society
(Sargut, 2001:21-22). Culture is a term with different meanings. Culture
as a concept related to human is a system of meaning and importance
created in history. It is a system of beliefs and customs used by a
group of people in understanding, organizing and structuring their
individual and collective lives. Culture of the definition of the
concept is as follows: Historically, all the material and creating them
with spiritual values created in the social development process, used
in delivering the next generation, the whole of the vehicle showing the
dimensions of man’s natural and social environment sovereignty. There is
a dual process in the formation of culture; In the first process, human
is passive and receiving. He lives in a certain geographical
environment and meets his nutritional and sheltering needs there. This
pioneering relationship with nature, that is, the knowledge, language,
behaviors and material production and consumption tools that it has
acquired in line with its needs appear as the first step in the creation
of culture. In the second stage, the human leaves the receiving position
and starts producing; that is, it participates in its environment as an
active and active power. This process started limited with the creation
of the first tools and accelerated with the Neolithic Age. Culture is a
component of social structure whose acceleration increases with
accumulation (Kutaniş, 2010). Increasingly, every generation makes a
material and spiritual contribution to the culture it inherits and
leaves it to the next ones. However, in today’s sense, Voltaire had used
the word culture for the first time. According to Voltaire,
” culture ” means the formation, development, development and
glorification of human intelligence. The word has been translated
into German and used as a ” culture ” in a German dictionary dated 1973,
and later this word has become a ”culture” by passing on the
dictionaries of other nations (Eroğlu, 1982:187). Cultures refer to an
adjective relating to the concept of culture. When used alone, culture
refers to roughly all human life. The concept of cultures refers to the
direction of culture’s formation. The terms organizational culture,
business culture, political and academic culture are used for beliefs
and traditions that control the interests of life, including the
conceptualization, limitation, structuring and organization.
Culture is the whole material and spiritual values created in the
process of historical social development, and the tools used to create
them and convey them to the next generations, which show the measure of
the sovereignty of the human to its natural and social environment. The
effects of social culture are also the source of differences and
similarities between organizations. Social culture is of course not the
only element that determines the attitudes and behaviors of individuals,
their perceptions of goodness and evil and shapes their philosophy of
life, but it is a very important parameter. However, it is not easy
to reveal the effects of social culture on individuals’ attitudes and
behaviors, perceptions and feelings of belonging, especially in the
post-industrial society, namely the new world order. Because today all
nations of the world are under the influence of globalization and
isomorphism (institutionalization).
The subject of culture is one of the main topics of
sociology. Sociologically, culture is the social heritage that surrounds
us and learn from people. Culture includes knowledge, art, morality,
law, customs and customs, as well as a whole that includes all the
other abilities and habits gained by being a member of society. Culture
is acquired not by race, but by education and training, and transferred
as a social heritage (Erkal, 1982:65). When used alone, culture refers
to roughly all human life. The concept of cultures refers to the
direction of culture’s formation. Culture is something created by man
and the condition of human life. The phenomenon of “culture”: It is
the way of thought, emotion and behavior expressed by the symbols
created and transmitted, which reveal the original structures of the
groups of people; The basis of culture is traditional views (formed and
chosen in the historical process) and especially the values attributed
to them (Aycan and Kanungo, 2000:28).
It can be said that human culture creates, but culture also affects
human and human beings. This happens thanks to
cultivation. Culturalization, also called the process of transformation
of culture, is the assimilation of thoughts, actions and emotions that
form the culture of the individual and the clusters to which he
belongs. Thus, social culture affects organizations and constitutes the
source of similarities between organizations. Culture can be defined as
a total whole of ideas and arts, beliefs and traditions, thought
patterns, notions and formations that people bring together, and affects
and determines all human structures.
The globalization process simultaneously presents two cultural
images. The first one reaches the upper limits of ’particular
culture’. This upper limit is the sphere. All heterogeneous cultures
melt in the dominant culture that covers the world. This cultural image
involves conquering the global space. The second image is about the
compression of cultures. Different cultures flow side by side with no
organizing principle. Increasing cultural mobility and complexity, the
global area is the fundamental dynamics of the globalization of culture,
the fact that technological developments and economic events are
perceived in a homogeneous way in world societies (Aslanoğlu, 1998).
Culture or non-culture products become the determining element of
cultural life everywhere, with sounds and images recorded on floppy
disks, indigenous cultures change their names and deny their own reality
in the face of forms of make-up, packaged and recognized. Most of the
world indicators production is concentrated in the North or produced in
places controlled by it according to its norms and styles. The news
market, which has an important place in global homogenization, is under
the monopoly of American Associated Press and United Press,
British Reuters. French Presse. In the globalization process, it is
possible to say that a large part of the world is under the influence of
the West especially American culture.
Just as geolocations and evaluations are made according to Greenwich
in international relations, they are Western-based assessments that
determine their perspectives in social science. Even Japanese-style
management is referred to in the summer with its American-style
management style. It can be said that with the effect of globalization,
societies are in an isomorphism no matter what cultural environment they
live in and at least they are structurally similar. This is in a way a
result of adaptation theories. It has a fundamental dilemma in terms
of globalization (Gökbunar, 1999). On the one hand, it emphasizes
cultural differences, on the other hand, it brings organizations closer
together and provides simulation (isomorphism).
Building
a Worldwide Civilization
Globalization and accompanying developments in communication and
information technologies have made societies more generally sensitive to
human and even animal rights, generally living rights. In this context,
there are three important developments brought about by globalization.
The first of these; With the increase in the speed of access of
information to individuals, hierarchy perceptions in the social order
have changed and individuals have taken on a more questioning,
criticizing and opposing identity when necessary. The harsh protests
were replaced by peaceful actions and demonstrations in direct
proportion to the development levels of the countries. Secondly, the
system understanding, and the closed system understanding are abandoned,
and states need more cooperation in their activities. States are no
longer able to persuade peoples only through print media or official
statements made by the state. Because today, anyone with a smartphone
and internet connection can function as a news reporter and anyone with
an idea. In fact, in the social media networks where completely free
market conditions and the law of supply and demand are processed, the
views and views of people whose opinions are consistent and accurate are
higher than the classical media. Third, the views on human rights, human
values, personality concept, utilization of creativity of
people, providing financial, spiritual and social needs.
An important change brought by globalization is that it prepares the
ground for the development of a more participatory, more human-oriented,
lean management model rather than a business-oriented hierarchical
management approach that prioritizes quality. This change in the labor
market naturally causes people to make freer and humanitarian demands in
their private lives and expectations. The change that started in
developed countries with this aspect spreads to the whole world through
social media with the effect of a domino. This movement naturally
creates a population movement from undeveloped, backward countries to
developed civilized countries due to the ”unified container theory”
which is essentially a thermodynamic law.
Today, people do not want to exhaust their lives in countries where
autocratic and excessive bureaucratic management concepts are dominant,
and people become worthless. In ancient times, people fled to the cities
due to the persecution of the ruthless landowners. Now they must leave
their countries and their homeland. It is the peak of burnout and
desperation that human communities escape from their countries without
looking behind and even die, and their demands for asylum and
immigration to developed countries. People want to make their voices
heard more. People today have more awareness of who inherited
poverty, human rights violations, endless conflicts and wars in
their countries, who work for them, why they do not end. Therefore,
today people demand a life on equal terms and conditions with all the
peoples of the world. There are demands for a fair, safe and peaceful
life, such as equal opportunities for all, job security, equal pay for
labor and respect for labor, the right to be educated, a peaceful
working environment, the right to organize, and the right to retirement.
The primary reason for migration movements from backward countries to
developed countries is not that people are poor. Because even poverty is
a result, though. The primary factor that forces individuals and
communities to migrate is the loss of hopes for the future. What
consumes people’s hope; Conflicts and wars, whose head, middle, end is
uncertain, have become a part of life now, without winners, are
the brothers who shed constantly. The most important motivation of
the immigrants is that they do not want to be a part of the injustices
and cruelties that are mounted on the wheels of the system, they are not
willing to shed the brothers , they do not want to be acknowledged with
the people who lack the character and humanity, who do not want to be
apologized from them, and they do not want to be even apologized . they
don’t want to stay.
The presence of value, purpose and ideal relations between its structure
and its members and its cooperation form the basis of the spirit of
unity and solidarity. The relationship between the society and the
individual should be sought within the psychological contract that will
reinforce the sense of partnership. For the construction of a world
civilization, the issue that individuals and
societies should prioritize more than their perceptions about their
belonging and identity should be the bond they establish with their
environment and other people, even if they are from other
countries. Being part of a society is of course important. Every society
and nation are proud of its ancestors, the success of the society it
belongs to makes it proud. However, belonging to a society should not
blind people’s eyes, because the healthy individual is the individual
who is at peace with himself and then with other beings and his
environment (Matzka, 2009: 43). This is essentially emotional energy and
an unselfish correlation of attention.
Everyone is the product of different cultural and social
conditions. Everyone has different cultural values and different
emotional personal characteristics. Age, race, gender, ethnicity,
physiological abilities, individuals’ upbringing and growing
environments have an important place in shaping people’s spirit
worlds. No one can be expected to leave their cultural
fabric. Civilization is not a set of norms that try to shape all people
on the same plane. On the contrary, civilization is a mosaic in which
all the different values come together.
No matter how high-quality materials are produced, the value of a
fabricated product can never be more valuable than a home-made,
meticulous work. There are no geometric shapes in nature, you cannot see
a cube-shaped fish, a triangle-shaped bird, a square-shaped
tree. Shaping individuals and societies means excluding and alienating
them. When individuals think that their liberty and values are
restricted or humiliated or ignored, they have a feeling of
conflict. Because of their regime, no society can be humiliated or
ignored.
World becomes civilized by the glorification of the peoples’ valuable
assets. In this sense, all societies should be supported both
financially, technically and psychologically in order to establish
equality and justice and a just life in the world. Even though the
purpose of creation and the value of its existence could not be
understood, it means that the sensitivity shown for an extinct creature
is not shown to the humankind, who, as a result of his understanding of
inequality, injustice and colonialism, is downright low. For this, the
mankind should open his eyes, broaden his perspective, and be freed by
getting rid of all the shackles and prejudices that convict him.
Cultural differences are a set of values that accelerate the
development of human civilization. In terms of human civilization,
culture is an important measure of value, both in sharing a climate that
people breathe in and in the realization and determination of emotions,
behaviors and practices. The important point in terms of world
civilization is the feature of being a locomotive of positive
development and progress for the world in a value-creating cultural
environment. In this sense, the existence of a cultural richness that
can be established with the meeting of today’s cultures is indispensable
for the construction of world civilization. World civilization reject’s
conservatism.
There will of course be population movements in the globalizing world,
even free movement is a demand for human rights. What makes a society
successful is not alone, technology, system, natural resources, etc.
(Aycan and Kanungo, 2000), what makes communities successful and even
beneficial and technological development is essentially social
harmony, common sense, virtue as a dominant paradigm , Honesty,
tolerance are a number of glories that are glorified by the society,
namely, formed nation culture. No matter how well-educated and qualified
manpower is, no society can succeed in another society that it does not
feel peaceful and host, cannot establish a bond of affection, do not
count on itself. Every individual wants to be appreciated. Every person
is precious. Social culture expresses the priorities and values of a
nation (Güvenç, 1974).
Conclusion
and Discussion
As a result, everything happens in the human brain and
perception. People’s opinions about themselves or others can never be
independent of prejudice and opinion. The meeting of world civilizations
is essentially an absolute must for all peoples of the world in terms of
establishing joint peace and tranquility. The alliance of
civilizations should not be sacrificed to the political ambitions and
populist, opportunist politics and discourses of the tyrannists who hide
themselves behind religions.
World civilization; It can be established by sharing the glorified
common world cultural heritage, not by the domination of the patterns of
thought, cultural values or religious arguments of civilization
basins, as a result of the struggles of superiority among
themselves. World civilization is possible by combining all the values
of world culture in a pool without any discrimination. World
civilization is about the integration of all cultural phenomena that
contribute to the world civilization by preserving their essence rather
than melting them in a pot.
The concept of world civilization does not reject the religious and
cultural backgrounds of societies, it is not integrative, but
integrative, respects all religious and cultural traditions and customs,
and refers to all established institutions. The phenomenon of
modernization rejects an elitist world image in which the strong
oppresses the weak and minorities are ignored. World civilization takes
its power from its roots, all the ceremonies, languages, beliefs and
institutions belonging to the peoples of the world are components of the
common world heritage. World civilization envisages a vision of a
heterogeneous society that, above all, respects different views,
coexists, and maturity of the world’s riches. It describes the
construction of a collective and universal set of values, based on world
civilization, free society, advanced democracy, a complete separation of
powers and the rule of law, which has adopted the struggle against
imperialism.
Today’s Europe is a pioneering pluralist, the cradle of democracy, and
is home to an advanced civilization, learned from the devastating
effects of the bloody wars between each other. At this point, Europe is
representative of a common world civilization heritage that respects
more common living cultures and differences than all other world states,
praises coexistence, refuses intercultural superiority considerations
and othering, and combines world civilizations by rasping the extremes.
One of the most important proofs of this understanding is the successes
of the integration of the migrant workers who come to Europe as the
representatives of the lowest classes of their countries
socioeconomically, with the dominant values and norms of their
country, without being assimilated and demanded to be assimilated. that
is, miracles of integration. Einstein said, ”It is more difficult to
break down prejudices than to disintegrate the
atom, he says (Kuhn, 1982).