1651 |
Hobbes |
The people forms a social contract (agreement) to form a
government (society) in order to define the rights and duties of each.
The final cause, end or design of men is in which we see them live in
commonwealths for their own preservation and contented
life. |
1690 |
Locke |
Forming a collective to protect natural rights (life and
liberty) of individuals and for the preservation of their property.
Political power is only justified and lawful when consented by the
governed (people or society). |
1762 |
Rousseau |
Individuals submit themselves under the supreme
direction of the general will. The general will is always right and
always tends toward public utility. |
1786 |
Kant |
The development of individuals is in conflict with the
species, and only the development of the species counts. Progress could
be attained by the species not the individuals. (Species refers to the
collective). |
1798 |
Hegel |
Individual realizes his true being and freedom by
submitting to the laws and institutions that manifest the interests and
will of citizens. |
1941 |
Redfield |
Culture is a shared behavior and a human-made aspect
of society. |
1957 |
Tönnies |
The early model of collectivism and individualism is
described as Gemeinshaft (community-focused relationship) and
Gesellschaft (society or association-based relationship) in which
communalism has to be prioritized as a characteristic of small, rural
village communities. |
1960 |
Gouldner |
Individuals are morally obliged to give something to
the collective in return to something that is received. |
1964 |
Rand |
Collectivism holds that individuals must submit his
rights, life and work to serve the general interest. |
1971 |
Rawls |
An ideal form of a society promotes the good of the
members and the all or nearly all of its members accept the basic
principles of justice and the structure of the political and social
institution that satisfy the principle of justice. |
1982 |
Peikoff |
Collectivism is a standard of value that represents the
human affairs in a nation, collective society, community and
race. |
1990 |
Ostrom |
Collectivist relationship results to an obligation of
reciprocity. |
2009 |
Walsh |
The common good is an aggregated of private
interests. |