Year Author Key concept on collectivism
1983 Cobb Collectivist fosters culture wherein the members of the group offer help to others.
1993 Morris, Avila & Allen Organizations adopt collectivist culture whose values are dependent on teamwork, collective action and cooperative spirit.
1997 Tiessen Harmonious cooperation within the group.
2001 Triandis Horizontal collectivism is where members unite with their co-members and vertical collectivism is where the members work with their leaders who are also willing to sacrifice himself for the interest of others.
2002 Oyserman, Coon & Kemmelmeier Collectivism can bind groups and mutually obligate individuals on their principles.
2008 Chen & West Feeling unity with others and focusing on relationships.
2010 Markus & Kitayama Collectivistic life could reinforce and sometimes change ideas, practices, and psychological functioning.
2012 Gorodnichencko & Roland Collectivism is the embeddedness of individuals in a larger group and it discourages individuals from dissenting and standing out.