Design
A 2 × 2 design was used in which the first factor was the type of elaboration (social and semantic), and the second factor was whether participants elaborated a target or not (elaborated vs. not elaborated). Both were within-subjects factors.
Participants
The participants were 52 female students from two nursing schools located in Nara prefecture in Japan. The mean age of these participants was 19.56 years (range: 18.40- 22.50). Two groups of 26 participants attended the experiments separately. All participated in the experiments voluntarily, and were informed of both the purpose of the experiment and the results of their own personal performance.