Figure 1. An example of a booklet page corresponding to each condition as a function of types of choice condition (self-choice or forced-choice), word pairs (pleasant-neutral or unpleasant-neutral), and criterion (pleasantness or unpleasantness).
RESULTS
Words recalled correctly were counted based on the categories of chosen and non-chosen words for each choice condition. The mean percentages of chosen and non-chosen words correctly recalled by the type of choice (self-choice and forced-choice), type of word pair (pleasant–neutral and unpleasant–neutral), and type of criterion (pleasantness and unpleasantness) are shown in Table 1.
Chosen word recall. A two (type of choice) × two (type of word pair) × two (type of criterion) analysis of variance was conducted to determine the percentage of chosen words correctly recalled shown in the upper part of Table 1. This analysis showed significant interaction solely between the type of word pair and criterion (F 1,28= 10.16; p<.01, η2=.04). Comparisons performed for this interaction showed that although the simple effect of the type of criterion was not significant in the pleasant–neutral pair (F 1,56 = 2.38, ns), this simple effect was significant in the unpleasant–neutral pair (F 1, 56 = 9.52, p <.01). The words chosen by the unpleasantness criterion were recalled more often than those chosen by the pleasantness criterion in unpleasant–neutral word pairs, but the difference in recall performance between the two was not observed in pleasant–neutral word pairs.
Non-chosen word recall. The same analysis of variance was conducted for the percentage of non-chosen words correctly recalled, as shown in the lower part of Table 1. This analysis showed that only the main effect of type of choice (F 1, 27 = 22.12;p <.001, η2=.10) was significant. Non-chosen words in the self-choice condition were recalled more often than those in the forced-choice condition.
DISCUSSION
Table 1
Mean percentages of correct recall of chosen and non-chosen words as a function of type of choice, word pair, and criterion.