Conclusion
The emergence of IoT is undisputed and - as a phenomenon – irresistible
(Maarten Botterman, 2015). IoT is disruptive, and it is driven by
societal needs and economic opportunities; by demand pull and supply
push. It is enabled by many different strands of technology innovation
application development in domains as varied as synthetic biology,
biotechnology, cognitive sciences, and nanotechnology. Instances are
already seen in almost every area; the influence of IoT devices,
services and architectures may rapidly become pervasive. These different
forces certainly produce transitory conflicts of interests, gaps, and
distortions for which trade-offs need to be made (Maarten Botterman,
2015). Whether we as HRD professionals recognize and respond to the IoT
as a “thing in itself” will greatly influence the effectiveness of our
ability to exploit and eventually resolve these tensions.
The IoT poses profound challenges to HRD as a field of study. Many stem
from the means in which it is likely to affect and even disrupt areas
either of traditional HRD research and practice (Performance
Improvement, Training & Development, Leadership & Career Development,
Workplace Learning, etc.) or new frontiers of HRD like Knowledge
Management, Critical HRD, and International/Global HRD. For example in
the area of CHRD, policy challenges are arising from the IoT itself that
will affect social justice, gender, and other related issues in the
domain of CHRD. In International/Global HRD, some of the issues would be
similar to the experience of other emergent technologies, especially
those with the potential to transform public services and the national
innovation ecosystems. These include the need for suitable forms of
cross-cultural understanding (when things of different geographic and
cultural orientation are communicating with each other), access to
skills and fair and efficient market access. They also include
organizational capital and human resource needs, “in particular for
business, entrepreneurial, technological and societal knowledge
available to new and existing enterprises moving into this area or
building new businesses with the aid of IoT capabilities” (Maarten
Botterman, 2015, p. 26). Underpinning these is the need for a predictive
and adaptable HRD research and practice capable of providing the right
mix of certainty and flexibility.
References
Aggarwal, R., & Das, M. L. (2012). RFID security in the context of
“internet of things.” In Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Security of Internet of Things - SecurIT ’12 (pp.
51–56). New York, New York, USA: ACM Press.
https://doi.org/10.1145/2490428.2490435
AHRD. (2018). 2018 Conference Keynote Speaker Announced. 2018 AHRD
International Research Conference . St. Paul, MN: Academy of Human
Resource Development. Retrieved from
http://www.ahrd.org/?page=2018ConfCentral
Ashton, K. (2009). That “Internet of Things” Thing. RFiD
Journal , 4986. Retrieved from
http://www.itrco.jp/libraries/RFIDjournal-That Internet of Things
Thing.pdf%5Cnpapers3://publication/uuid/8191C095-0D90-4A17-86B0-550F2F2A6745
Atzori, L., Iera, A., & Morabito, G. (2014). From “smart objects” to
“social objects”: The next evolutionary step of the internet of
things. IEEE Communications Magazine , 52 (1), 97–105.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2014.6710070
Bennett, E. E. (2010). The Coming Paradigm Shift: Synthesis and Future
Directions for Virtual HRD. Advances in Developing Human
Resources , 12 (6), 728–741.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422310394796
Bennett, E. E. (2014). Introducing New Perspectives on Virtual Human
Resource Development. Advances in Developing Human Resources ,16 (3), 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422314532091
Bennett, E. E., & Bierema, L. L. (2010). The ecology of virtual human
resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources ,12 (6), 632–647. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422310394789
Borisovai, N. A. (2009). Shilling’s Pionering Contribution to Practical
Telegraphy. In IEEE EUROCON 2009 (pp. 1105–1109). St.
Petersburg, Russia: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EURCON.2009.5167773
Comm, J. (2017). Quantum Internet of Things. Retrieved September 2,
2017, from https://twitter.com/joelcomm
DeMillo, R. A. (2011). Abelard to Apple: The Fate of American
Colleges and Universities . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ferguson, T. (2002). Have your Objects call my Object. Harvard
Business Review , June (June), 1–7.
Gao, L., & Bai, X. (2014). A unified perspective on the factors
influencing consumer acceptance of internet of things technology.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics , 26 (2),
211–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-06-2013-0061
Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet
of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future
directions. Future Generation Computer Systems , 29 (7),
1645–1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.01.010
Hoontrakul, P. (2018). Economic Transformation and Business
Opportunities in Asia . Cham: Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58928-2
Kennedy, J. B. (1926, January). WHEN WOMAN IS BOSS: An interview with
Nikola Tesla. Colliers . Retrieved from
http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1926-01-30.htm
Khodadadi, F., Dastjerdi, A. V., & Buyya, R. (2017). Internet of
Things: An Overview . (A. Jamalipour, H. Nikookar, & M. Ruggieri,
Eds.). Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from
http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bib/journals/corr/KhodadadiDB17
Kortuem, G., Bandara, A. K., Smith, N., Richards, M., & Petre, M.
(2013). Educating the Internet-of-Things Generation. Computer ,46 (2), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2012.390
Maarten Botterman. (2015). D5.2 -Policy Paper on IoT Future
Technologies Opening towards a new reality . Policy Paper on IoT
Future Technologies Foreword . The European Union.
Madakam, S., Ramaswamy, R., & Tripathi, S. (2015). Internet of Things
(IoT): A Literature Review. Journal of Computer and
Communications , 3 (5), 164–173.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2015.35021
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bisson, P., Woetzel, J., Dobbs, R., Bughin, J.,
& Aharon, D. (2015). The Internet of Things: Mapping the value beyond
the hype. McKinsey Global Institute , (June), 144.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05029-4_7
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Bisson, P., & Marrs.
(2013). Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform
life, business, and the global economy . McKinsey Global
Insitute . New York: McKinsey & Company.
Mattern, F., & Floerkemeier, C. (2010). From the internet of computers
to the internet of things. Lecture Notes in Computer Science
(Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and
Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) , 6462 LNCS , 242–259.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17226-7_15
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man .
(W. T. Gordon, Ed.) (First). New York: McGraw-Hill.
McWhorter, R. R. (2010). Exploring the Emergence of Virtual Human
Resource Development. Advances in Developing Human Resources ,12 (6), 623–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422310395367
Nafukho, F. M., Graham, C. M., & Muyia, H. M. a. (2010). Harnessing and
Optimal Utilization of Human Capital in Virtual Workplace Environments.Advances in Developing Human Resources , 12 (6), 648–664.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422310394791
Riggins, F. J., & Wamba, S. F. (2015). Research Directions on the
Adoption, Usage, and Impact of the Internet of Things through the Use of
Big Data Analytics. In 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference
on System Sciences (pp. 1531–1540). Hawaii: IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.186
Rose, K., Eldridge, S., & Chapin, L. (2015). The Internet of
Things: An Overview Understanding the Issues and Challenges of a More
Connected World . (C. Marsan, Ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: The Internet
Society (ISOC).
Schramm, J. (2014). Internet of things poses HR challenges “Getting
engaged.” HR Magazine , 49 (2), 44–51.
Shin, D. (2014). A socio-technical framework for Internet-of-Things
design: A human-centered design for the Internet of Things.Telematics and Informatics , 31 (4), 519–531.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2014.02.003
Smart, P. (2017). Situating Machine Intelligence Within the Cognitive
Ecology of the Internet. Minds and Machines , 27 (2),
357–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-016-9416-z
Smart, P., Heersmink, R., & Clowes, R. W. (2017). The Cognitive Ecology
of the Internet. In Cognition Beyond the Brain (pp. 251–282).
Cham: Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49115-8_13
Tianbo, Z. (2012). The Internet of Things Promoting Higher Education
Revolution. In 2012 Fourth International Conference on Multimedia
Information Networking and Security (pp. 790–793). Guangzhou, China:
IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/MINES.2012.231
Whitmore, A., Agarwal, A., & Da Xu, L. (2015). The Internet of
Things—A survey of topics and trends. Information Systems
Frontiers , 17 (2), 261–274.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-014-9489-2
Xu, L. Da, He, W., & Li, S. (2014). Internet of Things in Industries: A
Survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics ,10 (4), 2233–2243. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2014.2300753
Yawson, R. M. (2009). The Ecological System of Innovation: A New
Architectural Framework for a Functional Evidence-Based Platform for
Science and Innovation Policy. In K. R. E. Huizingh, S. Conn, M.
Torkkeli, & I. Bitran (Eds.), Future of Innovation: Proceedings
of the XX ISPIM 2009 Conference (pp. 1–16). Vienna, Austria: Wiley
Education. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1417676
Yawson, R. M. (2017). Leadership Development in South Africa. In A.
Ardichvili & D. Khalil (Eds.), Leadership Development in Emerging
Markets Economies (1st ed., pp. 93–109). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58003-0_6
Yawson, R. M., & Greiman, B. C. (2014). Stakeholder Analysis as a Tool
for Systems Approach Research in HRD. In J. Gedro, D. D. Chapman, & K.
Guerdat (Eds.), Leading Human Resource Development through
Research. Proceedings of the 21st Annual AHRD International Research
Conference in the Americas. (pp. 1–28). Houston, Texas: Academy of
Human Resource Development.
Yawson, R. M., & Greiman, B. C. (2017). Strategic flexibility analysis
of agrifood nanotechnology skill needs identification.Technological Forecasting and Social Change , 118 (C),
184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.02.019