2.2. Types of favoritism
In the literature, it is seen that there are many concepts under the umbrella concept of favoritism (Shore, 2005; Araslı and Tümer, 2008; Aydoğan, 2009; Asunakutlu, 2010; Beresford, 2015, Meriç and Erdem 2013, Meriç and Erdem 2012).
When the behavior of favoritism includes relatives; “patronage, when motivated by political and/or religious affiliation, within the scope of the relationship of close friends and close friendship, is called cronyism” (Karakaş Çak, 2007: 78). Nepotism encompasses relatives with family ties, while favoritism involves promotion of acquaintances other than one’s own relatives and family members (Asunakutlu and Avcı, 2010, p. 97).