2.7.2.Method
The study, which was carried out with seafarer working in the maritime sector, measured the perceptions of favoritism in management of ships. Looking at the maritime literature, it was seen that there has been no study conducted on this topic. Academic studies in different fields that were conducted on favoritism and its types were examined. studies on favoritism have been meticulously examined. The studies scala on favoritism in other fields and the studies conducted by Araslı et. al , Büte et. al , Keleş et. al., Erdem,& Meriç were used a source information for the scale (Bute 2011a; Keles et al. 2011; Bute 2011b; Erdem,&Meriç 2012). To obtain expert opinion for the purpose of determining the types of favoritism that may be found in ship crew management, semi-structured interviews were carried out with three Oceangoing Masters who had worked at administrative duties in maritime establishments and as ship captains, two Unlimited Chief Engineers who had worked as engine inspectors in maritime establishments, and two individuals who were continuing to work at sea with qualifications of Oceangoing Master and Chief Engineer. Appointments have been made with these each seafarer’s experts. Appointments from these officers were conducted on average half-hour interviews in their Office . The interviews were conducted according to the semi-structured forms of favoritism. The opinions of seafarers who were members of the Maritime Association and the representative of ITF for Turkey were taken into consideration after the questionnaire questions were created. After submitting the draft scale form consisting of 40 items for expert opinion, the resulting form consisted of 33 questions due to removal of 7 items that were found unnecessary. The Favoritism in Ship crew management Scale was formed as a 5-point Likert-type scale allowing responses from 1 to 5 as “1- Never” and “5- Always”. Among the 260 individuals working at different types of ships, departments and levels who were subjected to the study of the “Favoritism in Ship crew management Scale”, the responses given by 252 who answered the questions of the scale were analyzed. As a result of the criticisms of the seafarers, the item number 12 with the statement “there is discrimination based on the beliefs, religions and sects of seafarers” was removed from the scale. With a total of 32 items, exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the scale to explain its construct validity. Although the factor load values of 0.45 and above are considered a good measure, in practice this limit value can be reduced by 0.30 (Büyüköztürk, 2019). While deciding on whether or not the items would stay in the scale in the exploratory factor analysis, the minimum factor load value was determined as 0.40. Additionally, if the differences in the factor loads of one item in two factors were 0.10 or lower, such an item was considered to be an overlapped item. In this context, the items with factor load values of 0.40, overlapped items and the items that were considered to not provide semantic integrity with the other items in their factor were removed from the scale.