MOVING BEYOND THE SANCTUARY PARADIGM: CANADA MUST FACE UP TO THE REALITY
OF A CONTESTED AND DANGEROUS SPACE ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
This article outlines historical shifts in US and Canadian space
policies using the sanctuary-contested policy framework. It highlights
that sanctuary policies were born out of necessity rather than the
pursuit of a peaceful global common; they never intended to, and did
not, prevent the militarization and weaponization of space. It then
describes challenges to global space governance and argues that
diplomacy will not prevent conflicts in space. After introducing
elements of deterrence theory, this paper concludes that Canada should
move beyond the sanctuary ideology, make space a national
whole-of-government issue, and align its space policy and strategy with
allies and partners, credibly communicating Canada’s resolve to protect
and defend space assets. It further recommends that Canada develops
niche capabilities that contribute to more effective national and
collective deterrence and defence in space. Those capabilities should
build upon existing niche strengths, not create space debris, and
leverage industrial innovation in space.