An Online (R)examination of Frequency and Context Effects in
Code-switching using the Auditory Moving Window
Abstract
In three experiments, using the auditory moving window task, bilinguals
operating in single (English) or dual (Spanish and English) language
communities listened to successive sound segments of sentences presented
one at a time. In Experiments 1a-b, sentences were in Spanish and the
critical target was either a code-switch
(|’pik(ə)ls|) or a borrowing, in which
an English target was pronounced in Spanish
(|pikos|). Experiments 2a-b compared
code-switched versus non-switched targets within Spanish sentences.
Experiment 3 used sentences in English and critical targets were in
Spanish. Context (low/high constraint) and word frequency (low/high)
were manipulated. Results for Experiments 1a-b revealed that
code-switches took longer to process than borrowings. Taken together,
findings from the three experiments suggested that code-switched
language results in a processing cost in which the bilingual’s
linguistic system demands more memory and time to successfully integrate
the code-switched information into the sentence. Word frequency and
context, as predicted by the featural restriction model, affected
the processing of the code-switched targets.